Assessment of composting approaches to enhance waste management systems in rural areas in the Philippines

The study compares applied technologies, used input materials, produced outputs, investment and operation costs and evaluates benefits for the local waste management systems. Whereas Bais City, San Carlos City, Passi City and Buenavista implemented composting projects using windrows, boxes and vermi-composting, Roxas City and Bayawan City established more costly, mechanized drum-composters inter alia to reduce processing time and to enhance product quality.

Based on the case studies, various benefits of small-scale composting projects for the local waste management system and the environment are discussed. The overall positive effects of composting for local waste management systems are obvious. But if calculated for the individual case, municipal composting seems hardly attractive since investment and operation costs surpass the cost for the commonly practiced waste dumping by far. In this context, static windrow or box-composting were identified as 'less costly composting technologies�, if compared with drum composting. Considering the limited budgets in the most municipalities in the Philippines, the driving forces to implement composting projects are rather low. However, ongoing drastic cost increases for fuels, which stress waste collection budgets, but also quality concerns in food production and water resources management, may further motivate municipal authorities to implement composting projects to enhance their solid waste management systems.

 

 

Rechtliche und praktische Unsicherheiten bei der Durchführung des europäischen Klimaanpassungsrechts durch das Bundes- Klimaanpassungsgesetz (KAnG)
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2025)
In the context of the European Climate Law (EU) 2021/1119), the Governance Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and the Nature Restoration Regulation (EU) 2024/1991, the KAnG came into force on July 1, 2024.

Transformatives Klimarecht: Raum, Zeit, Gesellschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2025)
This article contends that climate law should be conceived as inherently transformative in a double sense. The law not only guides the necessary transformation of economy and society, but is itself undergoing transformation.

Maßnahmen zur Klimaanpassung sächsischer Talsperren
© Springer Vieweg | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH (5/2025)
Die Landestalsperrenverwaltung des Freistaates Sachsen (LTV) betreibt aktuell insgesamt 87 Stauanlagen, darunter 25 Trinkwassertalsperren. Der Stauanlagenbestand ist historisch gewachsen und wurde für unterschiedliche Zwecke errichtet.

 

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